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Strategy (game theory) - Wikipedia

The kicker's mixed-strategy equilibrium is found from the fact that he will deviate from randomizing unless his payoffs from Left Kick and Right Kick are exactly equal. That is because the goalie is guarding that side more.

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Chiappori, Levitt, and Groseclose try to measure how important it is for the kicker to kick to his favored side, add center kicks, etc. Their article is well-known as an example of how people in real life use mixed strategies despite not being mathematically sophisticated.

Significance[ edit ] In his famous paper, John Forbes Nash proved that there is an equilibrium for every finite game.

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One can divide Nash equilibria into two types. Pure strategy Nash equilibria are Nash equilibria where all players are playing pure strategies.

Mixed strategy Nash equilibria are equilibria where at least one player is playing a mixed strategy. While Nash proved that every finite game has a Nash equilibrium, not all have pure strategy Nash equilibria, due to the nature of game theory in not always being able to rationally describe actions of players in dynamic and Bayesian games.

For an example of a game that does not have a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies, see Matching pennies.

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However, many games do have pure strategy Nash equilibria e. Further, games can have both pure strategy and mixed strategy equilibria.

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Interpretations of Mixed Strategies[ edit ] During the s, the concept of mixed strategies came under heavy fire for being "intuitively problematic", since they are weak Nash equilibria, and a player is indifferent about whether to follow his equilibrium strategy probability or deviate to some other probability. The first, due to Harsanyi[6] is called purificationand supposes that the mixed strategies interpretation merely reflects our lack of knowledge of the players' information and decision-making process.

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Apparently random choices are then seen as consequences of non-specified, strategii de echilibru pentru opțiuni exogenous factors. Each of the agents chooses a pure strategy, and the payoff depends on the fraction of agents choosing each strategy.

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The mixed strategy hence represents the distribution of pure strategies chosen by each population. However, this does not provide any justification for the case when players are individual agents. Later, Aumann and Brandenburger[7] re-interpreted Nash equilibrium as an equilibrium in beliefs, rather than actions.

For instance, in rock paper scissors an equilibrium in beliefs would have each player believing the other was equally likely to play each strategy.

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This interpretation weakens the descriptive power of Nash equilibrium, however, since it is possible in such an equilibrium for each player to actually play a pure strategy of Rock in each play of the game, even though over time the probabilities are those of the mixed strategy. Behavior strategy[ edit ] While a mixed strategy assigns a probability distribution over pure strategies, a behavior strategy assigns at each information set a probability distribution over the set of possible actions.

While the two concepts are very closely related in the context of normal form games, they have very different implications for extensive form games.

Indeed, for cell B,A 40 is the maximum of the first column and 25 is the maximum of the second row. For A,B 25 is the maximum of the second column and 40 is the maximum of the first row. Same for cell C,C. For other cells, either one or both of the duplet members are not the maximum of the corresponding rows and columns. This said, the actual mechanics of finding equilibrium cells is obvious: find the maximum of a column and check if the second member of the pair is the maximum of the row.

Roughly, a mixed strategy randomly chooses a deterministic path through the game tree, while a behavior robot gratuit pentru opțiunile binare can be seen as a stochastic path.

The relationship between mixed and behavior strategies is the subject of Kuhn's theorema behavioral outlook on traditional game-theoretic hypotheses.

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The result establishes that in any finite extensive-form game with perfect recall, for strategii de echilibru pentru opțiuni player and any mixed strategy, there exists a behavior strategy that, against all profiles of strategies of other playersinduces the same distribution over terminal nodes as the mixed strategy does. The converse is also true. A famous example of why perfect recall strategii de echilibru pentru opțiuni required for the equivalence is given by Piccione and Rubinstein [ full citation needed ] with their Absent-Minded Driver game.

Sunteți pe pagina 1din 52 Căutați în document Cap. Posibilitile de a obine un profit sunt att de diverse nct, cel puin teoretic, orice investitor poate gsi o strategie de tranzacionare care s se potriveasc nclinaiei sale spre risc, disponibilitii sale de a accepta un risc mai mare sau mai mic, n funcie de tendinele pieei pe care tranzacioneaz. Dac de exemplu, pe piaa aciunilor se ateapt s se nregistreaze o cretere, un investitor va cumpra aciuni deci va specula a la hausse. Dac dimpotriv tendina este de scdere a cursului aciunilor atunci va vinde aciuni, speculnd a la baisse.

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